Effective Verbal And Non Verbal Communication Skills

Effective verbal and non-verbal communication skills are invaluable to any organization. A lot of companies invest loads of money to train their employees on how to communicate effectively. Good communication skills go beyond daily conversations; the employee must be able to communicate well in official reports and other correspondence alike. Understanding the advantages of effective communication helps organizations put an emphasis on building up a workforce that is able to communicate within the firm and with clients, merchants and global business accomplices. Diversity is a thing of increasing popularity and thus most companies strive for diversity in their workforce. Effective workplace communication is vital in organizations with a diverse working environment. Great relational abilities help to lessen the hindrances raised due to dialect and social contrasts. Organizations that provide communication training to domestic and international employees reap the benefits of effective workplace communication. Organizations now give mandatory training upon employment to avoid social disarray and miscommunication; with refreshers offered on a regular basis. Effective communication leads to fewer blunders and there by improves the efficiency of the work force, hence causing the operations to run smoother. A communicative working environment also helps with team building. I believe the greatest strength of any team is its unity. This can only be achieved by building trust withinShow MoreRelatedEssay about Helping Skills1321 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: SPECIFIC HELPING SKILLS Specific Helping Skills that can be used with clients Audrey Horton University of Phoenix Abstract As a professional working in the field of Human Services, having specific helping skills are vital to the effectiveness of the services as well as the goals of the client. There are many elements that support both verbal and non-verbal communication. Contrary to the supportive elements that determine success, there are also a wide range of barriers thatRead MoreCommunication : Verbal And Non Verbal Communication1216 Words   |  5 PagesCommunication is a complex activity which involve verbal and non-verbal communication, the topic under discussion, the prejudgments that people bring to the topic, and the â€Å"communication history† between participants in the discussion. A Speaker who transmits message must ensure that the message is delivered clearly. A listener who takes the messages must be an active listener. As effective communication can only take place when the recipient of the message understands it’s meaning and able to expressRead MoreEssay about Business C ommunication: What is Communication1502 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Business communication is abound in todays society. The ability to communicate has always had its advantages, with its rich history, and traditions, modern business communication is valued as a modern day concept. Business executives rate the ability of business communication skills as among the personal factors necessary in gaining a job. As stated by Hynes (2005)† effective business communication is the key to planning, leading, organizing, and controlling the resources of the organizationsRead MoreInterpersonal Communication Essay1499 Words   |  6 Pages(HP) rely on one another s effective communication to provide quality and safe patient care. As an HP, effective communication is nevertheless carried to assist patients regarding their medical conditions – personal pain (and comfort). Therefore, it is the main goal to have the knowledge about professional communication and to gain a collective view of therapeutic and professional interpersonal communication. HP, in ter-professionally, with their combined knowledge and skills can effectively developRead MoreThe Importance Of Effective Communication For Health Professionals1544 Words   |  7 PagesThe importance of effective communication for health professionals cannot be overemphasised as communication skills are crucial foundation of health professionals. Communication extremely influences not only the successful patient health treatment outcomes but also the safety, satisfaction and relationship of both the profession and the patient (Kirby, 2010) The context of the recorded video for this essay is about the conversation between a physiotherapist and a young woman who feels pain from herRead MoreWhy Is Human Communication Complex? Essay1178 Words   |  5 Pageshuman communication complex? (2 marks) I want you to explain how non-rich and rich forms of communication affect effective communication? What is it about the differences between the two that impact the successful transmission of a message communicated? Human communication can be complex because people can interpret language very differently. Everyone expresses their views, feelings opinions differently from other people. 2.Identify and explain three barriers to effective communication. (3 marks)Read MoreCommunications Essay in a Health and Social Care Settings, Different Ways of Communicating.1567 Words   |  7 PagesCommunications Essay in a health and social care settings, different ways of communicating. This is essay is going to be based on the importance of communication within the broader context of health and social care, it will give you a definitive insight to different communication techniques, such as verbal and non-verbal communication. Within this essay I will also discuss how important effective communication can be and the barriers that can restrict the care practitioner from doing his/her jobRead MoreThe Importance Of Communication And A Sports Coach1719 Words   |  7 PagesIn the topic of communication and care, one will be the discussing the importance of having interpersonal skills and written communication in sports coaching. This essay will also include the variety of skills a coach will need to progress in their line of business. In this essay, we will also be reviewing the positives and negatives of these forms of communication and how they can affect the job as a sports coach. Most say that communication is key to success in both the sports and business society Read MoreThe Importance Of Effective Interpersonal Communication Skills1264 Words   |  6 PagesInterpersonal communication is a fundamental skill that nurses use every day to interact and communicate. These skills include clinical empathy towards patients, diverse cultural understanding, non-verbal communication and skills used to communicate with deaf patients. This paper will discuss why it is important for nurses to use effective interpersonal communication skills and tips to overcome elderspeak to help minimize patient complains within the healthcare practice. To create a healthy nurseRead MoreImportance Of Communication In Pharmacy1000 Words   |  4 PagesThe Importance of Communication Skills for Pharmacy Technicians Introduction Effective communication is necessary in Pharmacy Services to provide quality patient care especially for Pharmacy Technicians who involve in communication on their daily tasks. Strong communication skill is an important key behind the scene with other healthcare professionals which is as important as good customer service to achieve customer satisfaction. The tools use in interacting with others properly is the Interpersonal

Water Pollution in Cairo Essay - 1799 Words

Water Pollution in Cairo The scale of pollution in Cairo is mammoth with the ever, continuing amounts of waste being released into the city. With the ever, growing population of Cairo levels of pollution are sure to increase. Recently the large EU financial institution announced on April 10 that it had awarded Egypt a grant of $79,000 to investigate the cause of the choking air pollution in the city, which has been blamed on Nile Delta. Due the massive amounts of pollution Cairos daily air quality remains a constant health concern. The World Health Organization has reported that the air pollution in downtown Cairo is 10 to 100 times above the level considered safe [IMAGE] Water†¦show more content†¦ÃƒËœ Domestic wastewater  · Most of the wastewater collected by sewerage has not received much or in some areas no treatment. Also many wastewater treatment plants do operate unsatisfactorily.  · At the moment there are at least six operating domestic wastewater treatment plants serving the Greater Cairo area, and none of them discharge to the Nile near Cairo: three plants discharge through agricultural drains to the Northern Lakes and the Mediterranean, and the bilge water from two plants will be used largely for desert irrigation and land reclamation; only one plant discharges to the Nile, through an agricultural drain.  · Dumping solid waste - due to lack of solid waste collection - into waterways increases water pollution; in the city districts many small Nile canals are totally filled with plastic bags full of solid waste. Ø Industrial wastewater  · 80 per cent of the whole countrys annual industrial effluentShow MoreRelated The Society of Egypt Essay1234 Words   |  5 Pagescivilizations; these water sources provided life, transportation, and basic survival for these communities. Cairo was founded below the delta on the Nile River in Egypt because of the existence of the Nile. Today, this region is hot and dry with the exception of the land directly bordering the Nile. The climate and current weather in Cairo have a substantial impact on everyday life and society in this region. Unfortunately, because of the harsh environment of this northern African region, Cairo society asRead MoreThe Effects Of Long Term Industrial Pollution1378 Words   |  6 PagesWe examined the effects of long-term industrial pollution, characterized by elevated soil concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn, on the abundance and diversity of grasshopper communities in grass strips along the edges of farmland at various distances from an industrial complex in the Al-Tebbin region of South Cairo, Egypt. Six sites up to 10 km upwind from the main sources of industrial pollution were selected. Grasshoppers were collected monthly from June to October in 2012 and 2013 by sweep-netRead MoreEnvironmental Pollution Essays604 Words   |  3 PagesEnvironmental Pollution Our environment is affected by our daily actions. The earth is plagued with land, air and water pollution. Some of the problems we face on earth are: deforestation, nuclear waste, acid rain, global warming, overpopulation and some animals are endangered. Air pollution has many different sources. Power-generated plants, oil refineries, chemical plants, and steel mills contribute to about 140 million tons of pollutants into the air every year. Automobiles accountRead MoreNile River : The Major Source Of Water And Soils1165 Words   |  5 Pagesmajor source of water and soils in Egypt. Silt is the main soil component of it. The Nile is one of the international rivers; it passes through ten countries in Africa, and divided into two branches; Rosetta and Damietta at the end. Hydro-geochemical study of Rosetta branch was done. The geochemical processes which control the water quality and its suitability for drinking, fishing and irrigation purposes was evaluated. Thus the hydro-environmental status is studied. Fifteen water samples were collectedRead MoreWhat Are the Problems of Continued Urbanisation? Discuss in Relation to One Area of the World and Evaluate the Possible Solution.1539 Words   |  7 Pagesregions (McDonald and McMill en, 2010).With these facts it seems necessary to take reactions in order to cope with continued urbanisation. The continued urbanization does cause many problems in rural areas and urban areas for instance population, pollution and poverty these problems will be discussed in this essay also it seems not to stop in near future because of policy of development around the world. This essay will discuss various problems caused by urbanization also discuss possible solutionsRead MoreThe Effects Of Air Pollution On The World1299 Words   |  6 PagesEnvironmental Pollution Environmental pollution is a very serious problem in American and the world. Environmental pollution has many different faces from air pollution to water pollution. But the main one I am going to focus on is air pollution and how it affects us in a negative way. In this paper I am going to show you how air pollution can affect us and how it can affect the world. I am also going to show how we can prevent pollution from getting any more out of hand that it already has. AccordingRead MoreThe Effects Of Water Scarcity, Environmental Degradation And Effects On Indigenous Culture As A Result Of A Globalised World Essay2252 Words   |  10 PagesIn this report I will be presenting an overview of Egypt and discussing some key issues as a result of globalisation. The topics highlighted will explain the impacts of water scarcity, environmental degradation and effects on indigenous culture as a result of a globalised world. Egypt: Country Facts and a brief History The Middle Eastern country of Egypt is located in Northeast corner of Africa on the Mediterranean Sea. It is bordered on the west by Libya, on the south by Sudan, and on the eastRead MoreTurbidity Of Water1415 Words   |  6 PagesDiscussion - Environmental factors: The mean values of selected analytical water quality parameters, among the four seasons from April 2015 to February 2016, revealed that generally most selected physico-chemical properties (Temp., pH, E.C., Ak., Turb., T. hard., D.O, B.O.D, NO3, NO2, NH3, Cl-) of water samples were within permissible limit (WHO 2004). In the current study, water temperature was the maximum during summer and the minimum was during winter, where both are within the normal range forRead More Global Pollution Essay2115 Words   |  9 PagesPollution is a growing issue in the world and is the major cause that contributes to many environmental problems. What is usually classified as pollution, what kind of pollution is present in the world, and what the people are doing to deal with this pollution issue in the world. There are several problems with world pollution that are associated with global warming and include waste disposal, water pollution, and air pollution. These things are usually caused by people on the planet who produceRead MoreEgypt Unveils Plan For New Capital East Of Cairo2191 Words   |  9 PagesSummary: This current event article, Egypt Unveils Plans to Build New Capital East of Cairo, was written by Orla Guerin of BBC Cairo. The article reports that Egypt is planning to build a new capital city east of Cairo, Egypt’s current capital, which was built back in 969 C.E. The plans of the new capital and its forty-five billion U.S. dollar price tag were presented at The Egypt Economic Development Conference in Sharm el-Sheikh, which occurred from March 13th, 2015 to March 15th, 2015. The housing

The slutty double standard Free Essays

SSH e felt ashamed and degraded. I wanted to cry with her. I can’t think Of a more humiliating ins alt. We will write a custom essay sample on The slutty double standard or any similar topic only for you Order Now First of all I am going to address a problem in our culture called â€Å"slut shaming† the cone opt women being shamed and euthanized. Slut shaming is a double standard that is highly n touchable in our society. I see it in the words that come out of my contemporaries, acquaint cues or even my friend’s mouths. I see this double standard in an overwhelming amount in our tabloids, blob posts. It is also found in most TV shows, Movies and even song lyrics. One of the earliest definitions Of slut is an untidy woman. It has changed and become a sexual slur targeted towards females. This aspect that there are few words as hurtful as insinuating female promiscuity says a lot about our society. (Definition of slut shaming) Slut shaming also known as slashing, is the idea of shaming and/ or attacking a woman or a girl for being sexual, having one or more sexual partners, acknowledging sex al feelings, and/ or acting on sexual feelings. (From an article in psychology today) Furthermore, it’s about the implication that if a woman has sex in which trade action society disapproves of, she should feel guilty and inferior. It is damaging not only to t he girls and women targeted, but to women in general and society as a whole. Terms that imply female romanticist include: tramp, where, sank, hoe, and many more that are not a appropriate for this forum. Terms that imply male prom iscuity: leadsman, gigolo, stud, sugar daddy, womanlier, playboy, and player. One thing we should be conscious of is Term ms that imply female promiscuity consist in a negative matter rather than the male terms the at instead embodies notions of power and conquest. Feel as though a big cause of this problem is how In most media females are defined by their sexual desirability but are expected to stay sexually inexperienced, while whew n men are promiscuous it is considered clever and fortunate. This perpetuates the Dobb el standard. In the movie Pretty Woman, Richard Greer is received as a sophisticated wealthy gentleman who just happens to be with a prostitute. Julia Roberts, the prostitute is a low class hooker who is so lucky Richard Greer actually takes an interest in her. A earldom girl attending a homeless prom and wearing appropriate cloth Eng per prom guidelines got kicked out of prom because middleware homeless dads cool d not stop staring at her. Creepy grown men should stay to supervise because they are s o responsible and obviously she was the problem. At the at the Vim’s (Video Music Awards) hen Mile Cyrus performed â€Å"we can’t stop† I can’t believe how much the media slut shah med her for towering . How to cite The slutty double standard, Papers

Counselling Management

Question: What is Counselling? Answer: There are many effects of the enforced rule of silence on members of the dysfunctional family. The members of the family cannot speak regarding what is going on inside their family. They cannot speak to anyone outer the family and cannot speak to anyone within the family. This no talk law is so tough that children who are growing up within this family structure face complications conveying and expressing them for their entire lives and subsequently they pass on the same to their kids. The one and only way how children can get free of this no talk rule is expressing what they feel and whatever has happened to them. The therapist can address this problem by implementing humanistic family therapy which is typically deal with communication approach (Lecheler, Schuck and de Vreese, 2013). During counseling the therapist may find that the members of a dysfunctional family are intended to hide information. This is may be because of the shame or concern about what the assessor will think abo ut their family. But it is the responsibility of the therapist to make the family members understand about the importance of effective family counseling in order to help the members to overcome the difficulty of no talk rule. Self-compassion comprises treating individual with same kindness, support and concern one would show to another. The techniques known as oriental mediation are considered as essential exercises for strengthening the sympathetic observer-self. The counselor should emphasize that irrespective of which concept one select, it is a convenient fact that individual can either ignore conflicting selves inside individuals and let the prevailing take the charge or individual can select to pay attention to individual self one by one, with final choice always being taken by compassionate observer (Long et al., 2010). The counselor should advise that to search own direction, a better way to initiate is by concentrating on what individual feel. Individuals deep feelings are closer to the reality than individuals thoughts and these can be readily accessible than one may realize. As a starting point the counselor should suggest his/her client to begin to practice in his/her everyday conversation, by applying phrase like: I feel and then convey exactly what he/she is feeling and not that what he/she is thinking. These I messages are different from you messages. This is because others do not understand the real truth, but only an individual knows well about his/her own truth and feelings. The counselor should also mention his/her client to practice dealing honestly with individuals feelings and to practice showing the pain (Lecheler, Schuck and de Vreese, 2013). The counselor should explain in another way to reveal feelings of a client to feel relaxed. Rest quietly and get back to the thoughts to imagine individuals representation and circumstances one have been in. While performing this, individual should say to them that I feel regarding each situation and each person. a mild deficiency in expression of feelings means individual is failed to express by his/her own and allow self to think he/she may hurt the other or the other person might not like it if he/she convey his/her own feelings or sometimes individual may feel that his/her message is not important at all (Scheman, 2000). Actually these are not feelings and these are excuses and should be recognized as such. When the first client is more able to state directly how he feels, individual instinctively develop other communication aspects associate with feelings, for example posture, voice, body expressions and facial expressions. It is probably important to enlighten client as to what sentiment communication is not. Many clients believe that they convey their feelings in reality when they do not actually. They may have a wrong idea of what emotional expression really is. Hence emotional communication is not when clients main concern is conveying what they think or when his/her main concern is talking about the true facts or when the clients main concern is conveying what the client really thinks what he/she should feel or when the clients main concern is reserving rationalizations for feelings. When the clients main concern is conveying what he/she thinks he should feel all that takes place in this situation is to allow oneself to become a reflector of the entire world surrounding him/her. Ones true individuality becomes lost through this process. True communication of feelings can be referred to as reflection. True communication of feelings requires complete expression of oneself without any hesitation. This will allow the speaker to pay attention to their individual thoughts and to concentrate on what individual feel and express. This will allow to illustrate the speaker that individual is trying to make out the entire world as they observe it and that individual are performing their best to appreciate their messages and to support then to prolong communicating. It does not comprise individual asking questions or introducing innovative topic or directing towards an out of track discussion. The five main characteristics of effective communication of feelings include putting more thoughts into individuals voice; being more lively when individual communicate; applying more gestures; conveying something more honestly and allowing individuals face show what individual feel. Effective communication of feelings include believing what individual feels are worthy, name individuals feelings, work through the feelings independently, believe what individuals feelings matter to other individual/s, apply individuals own opinion to talk about their feelings, individual is desired to be solution oriented. It is significant to keep in mind that ones feelings and emotions are valid always as it is inherent (Kirkwood, 2000). One cannot stop how they feel and thus individuals emotions and feelings are never bad or wrong. Allowing individual time to construct an expressive vocabulary is considered as a good step that immensely help to understand ones feelings in a better way. The expression of emotion strengthens and stimulated the excitatory progressions inside the brain and in result individual become more excitatory human being. The counselor should make his/her client understand the fact that they are handling with emotions and feelings and expressing in a natural way, can impact on their childrens lives. Individuals application of these abilities will provide as a representation for them with the intention that these individuals can nurture to self-confident adults and liberally conveying their feelings. Because of the model, children are considered to be more appropriate to share their emotions with their parents. The expression of feelings inhibits the centers of anxiety inside the brain and thus one feel less worried. The exceptional fact that one feels less worried means those individuals are proficient to understand more feelings and express more feelings. While expressing the feelings the clients should be well aware of few of the facts. For example: the voice tone need to be firm, appropriately loud and confident. A combination of these qualities in voice is a point of assertiveness. Eye contact is an important aspect where it makes sure that individual always looks straight to the person he/she is communicating with, the significance for body gestures, by implementing proper gestures to the communication and facial expressions that suit individual expression to what individual say or feel. Individual need not to smile while expressing anger and should express true emotions. References Kirkwood, W. (2000). Stories that bring peace to the mind: Communication and the education of feelings.Southern Communication Journal, 66(1), pp.16-26. Lecheler, S., Schuck, A. and de Vreese, C. (2013). Dealing with feelings: Positive and negative discrete emotions as mediators of news framing effects.Communications - The European Journal of Communication Research, 38(2). Long, C., Fulton, B., Dolley, O. and Hollin, C. (2010). Dealing with Feelings: The Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioural Group Treatment for Women in Secure Settings.Behav. Cogn. Psychother., 39(02), pp.243-247. Scheman, N. (2000). Interpreting the personal: expression and the formation of feelings.Philosophical Review, 109(1), pp.118-121.

Organization in the America Red Cross

The History of Sex Discrimination Legislation in the US

The History of Sex Discrimination Legislation in the US The United States Constitution did not mention women or limit any of its rights or privileges to males. The word persons was used, which sounds gender neutral. However, common law, inherited from British precedents, informed the interpretation of the law. And many state laws were not gender-neutral. While right after the Constitution was adopted, New Jersey accepted voting rights for women, even those had been lost by a bill in 1807 that rescinded the right of both women and black men to vote in that state. The principle of coverture prevailed at the time the Constitution was written and adopted: a married woman was simply not a person under the law; her legal existence was bound up with that of her husbands. Dower rights, meant to protect a widows income during her lifetime, were already being ignored increasingly, and so women were in the tough position of not having significant rights to own property, while the convention of dower that had protected them under that system was collapsing. Beginning in the 1840s, womens rights advocates began working to establish legal and political equality for women in some of the states. Property rights of women were among the first targets. But these did not affect the federal constitutional rights of women. Not yet. 1868: Fourteenth Amendment to the US Constitution The first major constitutional change to affect womens rights was the Fourteenth Amendment. This amendment was designed to overturn the Dred Scott decision, which found that black people had no rights which the white man was bound to respect, and to clarify other citizenship rights after the American Civil War had ended. The primary effect was to ensure that freed slaves and other African Americans had full citizenship rights. But the amendment also included the word male in connection with voting, and the womens rights movement split over whether to support the amendment because it established racial equality in voting, or oppose it because it was the first explicit federal denial that women had voting rights. 1873: Bradwell v. Illinois Myra Bradwell claimed the right to practice law as part of the 14th Amendments protections. The Supreme Court found that the right to choose ones profession was not a protected right and that womens paramount destiny and mission was the offices of wife and mother. Women could be legally excluded from the practice of law, the Supreme Court found, using a separate spheres argument. 1875: Minor v. Happerset The suffrage movement decided to use the Fourteenth Amendment, even with that mention of male, to justify women voting. A number of women in 1872 attempted to vote in a federal election; Susan B. Anthony was arrested and convicted for doing so. A Missouri woman, Virginia Minor, also challenged the law. The registrars action forbidding her from voting was the basis for yet another case to reach the Supreme Court (her husband had to file the lawsuit, as coverture laws forbid her as a married woman from filing on her own behalf). In their decision in  Minor v. Happerset, the Court found that while women were indeed citizens, voting was not one of the privileges and immunities of citizenship and thus states could deny women the right to vote. 1894: In re Lockwood Belva Lockwood filed a lawsuit to force Virginia to allow her to practice law. She was already a member of the bar in the District of Columbia. But the Supreme Court found that it was acceptable to read the word citizens in the 14th Amendment to include only male citizens. 1903: Muller v. Oregon Thwarted in legal cases claiming womens full equality as citizens, womens rights and labor rights workers filed the Brandeis Brief in the case of Muller v. Oregon. The claim was that womens special status as wives and mothers, especially as mothers, required that they be given special protection as workers. The Supreme Court had been reluctant to allow legislatures to interfere with contract rights of employers by permitting limits on hours or minimum wage requirements; however, in this case, the Supreme Court looked at evidence of working conditions and permit special protections for women in the workplace. Louis Brandeis, himself later appointed to the Supreme Court, was the lawyer for the case promoting protective legislation for women; the Brandeis brief was prepared primarily by his sister-in-law Josephine Goldmark and by reformer Florence Kelley. 1920: Nineteenth Amendment Women were granted the right to vote by the 19th Amendment, passed by Congress in 1919 and ratified by enough states in 1920 to take effect. 1923: Adkins v. Childrens Hospital In 1923, the Supreme Court decided that federal minimum wage legislation applying to women infringed on the liberty of contract and thus on the Fifth Amendment. Muller v. Oregon was not overturned, however. 1923: Equal Rights Amendment Introduced Alice Paul wrote a proposed Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution to require equal rights for men and women. She named the proposed amendment for suffrage pioneer Lucretia Mott. When she reworded the amendment in the 1940s, it came to be called the Alice Paul amendment. It did not pass the Congress until 1972. 1938: West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish This decision by the Supreme Court, overturning Adkins v. Childrens Hospital, upheld Washington States minimum wage legislation, opening the door again for protective labor legislation applying to women or men. 1948: Goesaert v. Cleary In this case, the Supreme Court found valid a state statute prohibiting most women (other than wives or daughters of male tavern keepers) from serving or selling liquor. 1961: Hoyt v. Florida The Supreme Court heard this case challenging a conviction on the basis that the female defendant faced an all-male jury because jury duty was not mandatory for women. The Supreme Court denied that the state statute exempting women from jury duty was discriminatory, finding that women needed protection from the atmosphere of the courtroom and that it was reasonable to assume that women were needed in the home. 1971: Reed v. Reed In  Reed v. Reed, the U.S. Supreme Court heard a case where state law preferred males to females as administrators of an estate. In this case, unlike many earlier cases, the Court held that the 14th Amendments equal protection clause applied to women equally. 1972: Equal Rights Amendment Passes Congress In 1972, the US Congress passed the Equal Rights Amendment, sending it to the states. The Congress appended a requirement that the amendment be ratified within seven years, later extended to 1982, but only 35 of the requisite states ratified it during that period. Some legal scholars challenge the deadline, and by that assessment, the ERA is still alive to be ratified by three more states. 1973: Frontiero v. Richardson In the case of  Frontiero v. Richardson, the Supreme Court found that the military could not have different criteria for male spouses of military members in deciding eligibility for benefits, violating the Fifth Amendments Due Process Clause. The court also signaled that it would be using more scrutiny in the future in looking at sex distinctions in the law- not quite strict scrutiny, which did not get majority support among the justices in the case. 1974: Geduldig v. Aiello Geduldig v. Aiello looked at a states disability insurance system which excluded temporary absences from work due to pregnancy disability and found that normal pregnancies did not have to be covered by the system. 1975: Stanton v. Stanton In this case, the Supreme Court threw out distinctions in the age at which girls and boys were entitled to child support. 1976: Planned Parenthood v. Danforth The Supreme Court found that spousal consent laws (in this case, in the third trimester) were unconstitutional because the pregnant womans rights were more compelling than her husbands. The Court did uphold that regulations requiring the womans full and informed consent were constitutional. 1976: Craig. v. Boren In  Craig v. Boren, the court threw out a law which treated men and women differently in setting a drinking age. The case is also noted for setting out the new standard of judicial review in cases involving sex discrimination, intermediate scrutiny. 1979: Orr v. Orr In Orr v. Orr, the Court held that alimony laws applied equally to women and men and that the means of the partner were to be considered, not merely their sex. 1981: Rostker v. Goldberg In this case, the Court applied equal protection analysis to examine whether male-only registration for the Selective Service violated the due process clause.  By a six to three decision, the Court applied the heightened scrutiny standard of  Craig v. Boren  to find that military readiness and appropriate use of resources justified the sex-based classifications. The court did not challenge the exclusion of women from combat and the role of women in the armed forces in making their decision. 1987: Rotary International v. Rotary Club of Duarte In this case, the Supreme Court weighed a  Ã¢â‚¬Å"States efforts to eliminate gender-based discrimination against its citizens and the constitutional freedom of association asserted by members of a private organization.† A unanimous decision by the court, with a decision written by Justice Brennan, found unanimously that the message of the organization would not be changed by admitting women, and therefore, by the strict scrutiny test, the interest of the state overrode a claim to a First Amendment right of freedom of association and freedom of speech.

Problems in calculating national income Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Problems in calculating national income - Essay Example One of the most common problems that countries, especially developing countries face in this process is lack of expertise, as the methodology involves need highly professional experts, economics, and analysts that may complete the process in an accurate manner while eliminating as much human errors as they can (Bosch, pp. 11-14, 1992). However, a huge number of countries are experiencing shortage of such qualified individuals. Besides, lack of technical equipments is also significant issue exists in this methodology, as many countries do not have access to advanced technologies required for the calculation. Thirdly, determination of depreciation is a complicated step in the process that creates problems for economists. One of the basic reasons behind this is the characteristic of depreciation being estimation rather than an accurate deduction that results in inaccurate figures of the national incomes (Dombusch, pp. 23-25, 2005). In addition, experts (Jain, pp. 52-57, 2008) have identified another problem that relates to decisions regarding inclusion and exclusion of certain products and services. In specific, economists face confrontations while deciding to consider government spending on social welfare, development expenses, interests against debts, etc that often results in wrong calculation of the national income. Moreover, experts (Wall, pp. 39-42, 2008) have noticed that globalization has resulted in existence of huge number of foreign organizations working in a country, and economists face difficulties while determining whether to include income of such companies in their national income or not. However, the IMF has played a vital role in suggesting that economists should include income, as well as production activities in the owning country while ignoring the profits that should go in the national income of the parent country. Furthermore, studies (Jain, pp. 39-41, 2008) related to the calculation of national income have shown that